機械加(jia)(jia)工是制造業(ye)中不(bu)可或缺(que)的(de)一環,刀具(ju)作為機械加(jia)(jia)工中的(de)關鍵(jian)零部件,其(qi)選擇與應用(yong)策(ce)略對于(yu)加(jia)(jia)工效率和產品質量至關重要。本文將(jiang)從刀具(ju)的(de)材料、形狀、尺寸和涂(tu)層等方面探(tan)討(tao)刀具(ju)選擇與應用(yong)策(ce)略。
刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)是刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)性(xing)(xing)能的基(ji)礎(chu),常見的刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)有高(gao)(gao)(gao)速(su)鋼、硬(ying)質合(he)金、陶瓷(ci)等(deng)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)速(su)鋼是一種具(ju)(ju)有良好(hao)的耐磨(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)和韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)的材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),適用于加(jia)工(gong)低硬(ying)度(du)的材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。硬(ying)質合(he)金由(you)鎢鈷粉末(mo)和其(qi)他金屬粉末(mo)壓(ya)制燒(shao)結而(er)成(cheng),具(ju)(ju)有高(gao)(gao)(gao)硬(ying)度(du)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)耐磨(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)和高(gao)(gao)(gao)耐腐(fu)蝕性(xing)(xing),適用于加(jia)工(gong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)硬(ying)度(du)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)強(qiang)度(du)和難加(jia)工(gong)的材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。陶瓷(ci)刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)由(you)氧化(hua)鋁、氮化(hua)硅等(deng)陶瓷(ci)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)制成(cheng),具(ju)(ju)有高(gao)(gao)(gao)硬(ying)度(du)和高(gao)(gao)(gao)耐磨(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing),適用于加(jia)工(gong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)硬(ying)度(du)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)強(qiang)度(du)和易熱變形的材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。因此,刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的選(xuan)擇(ze)應根(gen)據被加(jia)工(gong)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的硬(ying)度(du)、強(qiang)度(du)和熱變形等(deng)特(te)性(xing)(xing)進行(xing)選(xuan)擇(ze)。
刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)形(xing)狀直接影響加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率和(he)(he)產品(pin)質量(liang)。常見的(de)刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)形(xing)狀有直立刀(dao)、球頭刀(dao)、圓(yuan)弧(hu)刀(dao)、錐度刀(dao)等。直立刀(dao)適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)平面(mian)(mian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)開槽(cao)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),球頭刀(dao)適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)球面(mian)(mian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)曲(qu)面(mian)(mian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),圓(yuan)弧(hu)刀(dao)適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)圓(yuan)弧(hu)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)倒角加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),錐度刀(dao)適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)倒角加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)錐形(xing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。因此,刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)形(xing)狀的(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)應根據被加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)零件的(de)形(xing)狀和(he)(he)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝要求進行選(xuan)擇(ze)。
刀具(ju)(ju)尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)是刀具(ju)(ju)選擇中的(de)(de)重要參(can)數(shu),直接影響加(jia)工(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)和產(chan)品(pin)質量。常(chang)見的(de)(de)刀具(ju)(ju)尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)有刀頭直徑(jing)、刃長、刃數(shu)等。刀頭直徑(jing)越(yue)(yue)大(da)(da),切(qie)削深度越(yue)(yue)大(da)(da),但(dan)(dan)切(qie)削力也(ye)(ye)越(yue)(yue)大(da)(da),加(jia)工(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)降低(di)(di);刃長越(yue)(yue)長,切(qie)削深度越(yue)(yue)大(da)(da),但(dan)(dan)切(qie)削力也(ye)(ye)越(yue)(yue)大(da)(da),刀具(ju)(ju)容易振動,加(jia)工(gong)精度降低(di)(di);刃數(shu)越(yue)(yue)多,切(qie)削效(xiao)(xiao)果越(yue)(yue)好,但(dan)(dan)刀具(ju)(ju)成本也(ye)(ye)越(yue)(yue)高。因此,刀具(ju)(ju)尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)的(de)(de)選擇應根(gen)據被加(jia)工(gong)零件的(de)(de)尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)和加(jia)工(gong)要求(qiu)進(jin)行選擇。
刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具涂(tu)(tu)層是提高(gao)(gao)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具耐(nai)磨性和(he)延長刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具使用壽(shou)命的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效措施(shi)。常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具涂(tu)(tu)層有(you)(you)涂(tu)(tu)層、氮化(hua)涂(tu)(tu)層、碳(tan)化(hua)涂(tu)(tu)層等。涂(tu)(tu)層具有(you)(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)磨性和(he)耐(nai)腐蝕性,適(shi)用于(yu)加工易(yi)熱變(bian)形和(he)難加工的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料;氮化(hua)涂(tu)(tu)層具有(you)(you)高(gao)(gao)硬(ying)度(du)(du)和(he)高(gao)(gao)耐(nai)磨性,適(shi)用于(yu)加工高(gao)(gao)硬(ying)度(du)(du)和(he)高(gao)(gao)強度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料;碳(tan)化(hua)涂(tu)(tu)層具有(you)(you)高(gao)(gao)硬(ying)度(du)(du)和(he)高(gao)(gao)耐(nai)磨性,適(shi)用于(yu)加工高(gao)(gao)硬(ying)度(du)(du)、高(gao)(gao)強度(du)(du)和(he)易(yi)熱變(bian)形的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料。因此,刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具涂(tu)(tu)層的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)應根據被加工材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)特性和(he)加工要求進行選(xuan)擇(ze)。
綜上所述,刀具選擇與應用策略是機械加工中不可或(huo)缺的(de)(de)一(yi)環。刀具材(cai)料、形狀、尺寸和(he)涂層等(deng)方面的(de)(de)選擇(ze)應(ying)根據被加工(gong)材(cai)料的(de)(de)特(te)性和(he)加工(gong)要求進行選擇(ze),以提高加工(gong)效率和(he)產(chan)品質量。
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